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analgesic - any drug intended to alleviate pain.
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biopsy - a procedure in which tissue samples are removed (with a
needle or during surgery) from the body for examination under a
microscope; to determine if cancer or other abnormal cells are present.
bladder - a triangle-shaped, hollow organ located in the lower
abdomen that holds urine.
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circumcision - surgical procedure to remove the skin covering
the end of the penis, called the foreskin.
computed tomography scan (Also called a CT or CAT scan.) - a
diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x-rays and
computer technology to produce cross-sectional images (often called
slices), both horizontally and vertically, of the body. A CT scan shows
detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles,
fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general x-rays.
cryptorchidism (Also called undescended testes.) - a condition
seen in newborns whereby one or both of the male testes has not passed
down into the scrotal sac.
cystoscopy (Also called cystourethroscopy.) - an examination in
which a scope, a flexible tube and viewing device, is inserted through the
urethra to examine the bladder and urinary tract for structural
abnormalities or obstructions, such as tumors or stones.
cystourethrogram (Also called a voiding cystogram.) - a
specific x-ray that examines the urinary tract. A catheter (hollow tube)
is placed in the urethra (tube that drains urine from the bladder to the
outside of the body) and the bladder is filled with a liquid dye. X-ray
images will be taken as the bladder fills and empties. The images will
show if there is any reverse flow of urine into the ureters and kidneys.
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dialysis - a medical procedure to remove wastes and
additional fluid from the blood after the kidneys have stopped
functioning.
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electroencephalogram (EEG) - a procedure that records the
brain's continuous electrical activity by means of electrodes attached to
the scalp.
enuresis - involuntary discharge of urine usually during sleep
at night; bedwetting beyond the age when bladder control should have been
established.
epispadias - occurs when the urethral opening is in an abnormal
location. In males, the opening is usually on the topside of the penis and
not the tip.
exstrophy of the bladder - the bladder is essentially inside out
and exposed on the outside of the abdomen. Because the bladder and other
structures are exposed to the outside of the body, urine constantly
trickles onto the skin causing local irritation.
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glomerulonephritis - a type of glomerular kidney disease in
which the kidneys' filters become inflamed and scarred, and slowly lose
their ability to remove wastes and excess fluid from the blood to make
urine.
glomerulosclerosis - the term used to describe scarring that
occurs within the kidneys in the small balls of tiny blood vessels called
the glomeruli. The glomeruli assist the kidneys in filtering urine from
the blood.
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hematuria - the presence of red blood cells in the urine.
hemolytic uremic syndrome - a rare kidney disorder that mostly
affects children under the age of 10. It is often characterized by damage
to the lining of blood vessel walls, destruction of red blood cells,
and/or kidney failure.
horseshoe kidney - as the kidneys of the fetus arise from the
pelvic area they abnormally fuse together at the lower end or base. By
fusing, they form a "U" shape, which gives it the name "horseshoe."
hydronephrosis - a condition that occurs as a result of urine
accumulation in the upper urinary tract. This usually occurs from a
blockage somewhere along the urinary tract.
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inguinal hernia - when a section of intestine protrudes through
a weakness in the abdominal muscles in the groin area.
intravenous pyelogram (IVP ) - a series of x-rays of the
kidney, ureters, and bladder with the injection of a contrast dye into the
vein - to detect tumors, abnormalities, kidney stones, or any
obstructions, and to assess renal blood flow.
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kidney stone - a solid piece of material that forms from
crystallization of excreted substances in the urine.
kidney transplantation - a procedure that places a healthy
kidney from one person into a recipient's body.
kidneys - a pair of bean-shaped organs located below the ribs
toward the middle of the back.
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - a diagnostic procedure that
uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to
produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body.
megaureter - an expanded or widened ureter that does not
function normally. The size of a megaureter is usually greater than 7
millimeters in diameter.
micropenis - a normally structured penis that is below the
normal size range for an infant.
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nephrectomy - surgery to remove the kidney; the most common
treatment for kidney cancer.
nephrology - the medical specialty concerned with diseases of
the kidneys.
nephrotic syndrome - a condition characterized by high levels of
protein in the urine, low levels of protein in the blood, tissue swelling,
and high cholesterol.
neurogenic bladder (Also called neuropathic bladder.) - a
bladder disorder that can be caused by a tumor or other condition of the
nervous system.
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orchiopexy - a surgical repair that involves moving an
unlowered testicle into the sac that holds the testicles (scrotum).
overflow incontinence - leakage that occurs when the quantity of
urine produced exceeds the bladder's capacity to hold it.
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paraphimosis - occurs when the foreskin is retracted behind the
corona (or crown) of the penis and cannot be returned to the unretracted
position.
phimosis - a constriction of the opening of the foreskin so that
it cannot be drawn back over the tip of the penis.
polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - a genetic disorder
characterized by the growth of numerous cysts filled with fluid in the
kidneys.
posterior urethral valves - an abnormality of the urethra where
the urethral valves, (small leaflets of tissue) have a narrow, slit-like
opening that partially impedes urine outflow. Reverse flow occurs and can
affect all of the urinary tract organs including the urethra, bladder,
ureters, and kidneys.
priapism - inflammation of the penis.
proteinuria - large amounts of protein in the urine.
prune belly syndrome - a triad of symptoms that include multiple
urinary tract abnormalities. The common abnormalities include absence of
abdominal muscles, undescended testes, and abnormalities of the upper
urinary tract.
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renal angiography (Also called renal arteriography.) - a series
of x-rays of the renal blood vessels with the injection of a contrast dye
into a catheter, which is placed into the blood vessels of the kidney, to
detect any signs of blockage or abnormalities affecting the blood supply
to the kidneys.
renal ultrasound - a non-invasive test in which a transducer is
passed over the kidney producing sound waves which bounce off of the
kidney, transmitting a picture of the organ on a video screen. The test is
used to determine the size and shape of the kidney, and to detect a mass,
kidney stone, cyst, or other obstruction or abnormalities.
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sphincter muscles - circular muscles that help keep urine
from leaking by closing tightly like a rubber band around the opening of
the bladder.
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testicular torsion - a twisting of the testicles and the
spermatic cord (the structure extending from the groin to the testes that
contains nerves, ducts and blood vessels).
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urea - the nitrogen part of urine produced from the breakdown of
protein.
ureterocele - the portion of the ureter closest to the bladder
becomes enlarged because the ureter opening is very tiny and obstructs
urine outflow; urine backs up in the ureter tube.
ureteroscope - an optical device which is inserted into the
urethra and passed up through the bladder to the ureter; to inspect the
opening of the ureters.
ureters - two narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to
the bladder.
urethra - narrow channel through which urine passes from the
bladder out of the body.
urethritis - infection limited to the urethra.
urinalysis - laboratory examination of urine for various cells
and chemicals, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, infection, or
excessive protein.
urinary incontinence - loss of bladder control.
urinary tract infection - an infection that occurs in the
urinary tract; often caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli. A
urinary tract infection often causes frequent urination, pain, burning
when urinating, and blood in the urine.
urology - the branch of medicine concerned with the urinary
tract in both genders, and with the genital tract or reproductive system
in the male.
urogenital - refers to the urinary and reproductive systems.
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vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) - the abnormal flow of urine from
the bladder back into the ureters; often as a result of a urinary tract
infection or birth defect.
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